Round #1 - DE
Round Seeding
Seed Name Points Members Club(s) Division Country Status
1 Alliance Team #1 2269  MALDONADO Pilar - A19 / 65; RAUSCH Ariana (Ari) - A19 / 11; WANG Elizabeth - A19 / 16; WANG Karen - B19 / 35       
2 SUPER Swords 2203  LEUNG Natalie - A19 / 92; WANG Nora - C19 / 150; WU Amelia - A19 / 82; YEU Irene - A20 / 20       
3 Windy City Fencing 2195  TYLER Syd - A19 / 34; O'DONNELL Amanda - A19 / 36; LURYE Sarah - A19 / 18; WHITTEMORE Lucy - B19 / 114       
4 APA CITATION (AFM) 2040  CHU Audrey - B19 / 49; LEANG Priscilla - B19 / 93; MACHULSKY Leehi - A20 / 37; TAYLOR Audrey - A19 / 50       
5 NCF 2000  BROOKS Tean - A18 / 124; PROCTOR Sara - A18 / 45; WOLF Isabella - B18 / 111; MOSKOFF Tessa - C19       
6 MARX FENCING ACADEMY 1967  COBERT Helen - B17 / 84; KUNDU Anisha - B19 / 105; PARTE Isabella - C19; ZAFFT Tatiana - A19 / 26       
7 Alliance Team #2 1800  FILIPPOV Nika - B17 / 107; GREGORY Elizabeth - B19 / 74; MOTON Mckenzie - B18; WEISS Talia - B18 / 108       
8 Birdcat 1620  KULKARNI Diya - B19 / 94; ZHANG Maya - C19; YOON Julia - B18       
9 NTFA 1590  RUNIONS Emersyn - C20 / 141; MEHROTRA Anya - A19 / 59; GITHENS Gracyn - D19       
10 Hooked On Fencing 1570  VANDERLINDEN Mira - C18; PROVANCE Amanda - B19; PROVANCE Allison - B19       
11 RIFAC 1530  DOUGLAS Julia - B19 / 101; SAAL Anna - C20; SMUK Daria - C18       
12 Yakov'S CABBAGE PATCH KIDS 1410  GOLDBERG Sophie - D17; LONG Cindy - B19; TOMASELLO Olivia - C19 / 118       
13 Alliance Team #3 1380  CALDERA Lexi - E19; LIU Christina - B19 / 117; PADHYE Tanishka - C19 / 113       
14 MOH'S CHILDREN 1130  LI Tiffany - E19; LIM Clarice - B19 / 112; ZHU-HILL Alice - E19       
15 NWFC GOLD 1130  SHERTZ Kira - E19; NASON Amelia - U; BARNES Olivia - C19; SCHMUGAR Brooke - D19 / 148       
16 RIFAC 2 1050  BIGGS Amelia - C18; KIZILBASH Alizeh - D17; KIZILBASH Zara - E19       
17 Team IFC 920  MALLAVARPU Aarthi - C19; OLEDZKA Julia - U; RAZA Nadia - D19       
Round Scores
View tableau from
Table of 32 Table of 16 Table of 8 Semi-Finals Finals  
           
(1) Alliance Team #1
 
  (1) Alliance Team #1
 
(32) -BYE-   
    (1) Alliance Team #1
 
(17) Team IFC
 
  45 - 22
[Match Details] 
  (17) Team IFC
 
 
(16) RIFAC 2
 
45 - 32
[Match Details] 
 
    (1) Alliance Team #1
 
(9) NTFA
 
  45 - 38
[Match Details] 
  (9) NTFA
 
   
(24) -BYE-       
    (9) NTFA
 
 
(25) -BYE-    45 - 37
[Match Details] 
 
  (8) Birdcat
 
 
(8) Birdcat
 
   
    (4) APA CITATION (AFM)
 
(5) NCF
 
  42 - 39
[Match Details] 
  (5) NCF
 
   
(28) -BYE-       
    (5) NCF
 
   
(21) -BYE-    45 - 35
[Match Details] 
   
  (12) Yakov'S CABBAGE PATCH KIDS
 
     
(12) Yakov'S CABBAGE PATCH KIDS
 
       
    (4) APA CITATION (AFM)
 
 
(13) Alliance Team #3
 
  45 - 36
[Match Details] 
 
  (13) Alliance Team #3
 
   
(20) -BYE-       
    (4) APA CITATION (AFM)
 
 
(29) -BYE-    45 - 40
[Match Details] 
 
  (4) APA CITATION (AFM)
 
 
(4) APA CITATION (AFM)
 
   
    (2) SUPER Swords
 
(3) Windy City Fencing
 
  44 - 36
[Match Details] 
  (3) Windy City Fencing
 
   
(30) -BYE-       
    (3) Windy City Fencing
 
   
(19) -BYE-    45 - 17
[Match Details] 
   
  (14) MOH'S CHILDREN
 
     
(14) MOH'S CHILDREN
 
       
    (11) RIFAC
 
   
(11) RIFAC
 
  45 - 43
[Match Details] 
   
  (11) RIFAC
 
       
(22) -BYE-           
    (11) RIFAC
 
     
(27) -BYE-    45 - 37
[Match Details] 
     
  (6) MARX FENCING ACADEMY
 
     
(6) MARX FENCING ACADEMY
 
       
    (2) SUPER Swords
 
 
(7) Alliance Team #2
 
  45 - 30
[Match Details] 
 
  (7) Alliance Team #2
 
   
(26) -BYE-       
    (7) Alliance Team #2
 
   
(23) -BYE-    45 - 34
[Match Details] 
   
  (10) Hooked On Fencing
 
     
(10) Hooked On Fencing
 
       
    (2) SUPER Swords
 
 
(15) NWFC GOLD
 
  45 - 38
[Match Details] 
 
  (15) NWFC GOLD
 
   
(18) -BYE-       
    (2) SUPER Swords
 
 
(31) -BYE-    45 - 22
[Match Details] 
 
  (2) SUPER Swords
 
 
(2) SUPER Swords
 
   
   

Fence-off for Third  
   
(1) Alliance Team #1
 
  (1) Alliance Team #1
 
(11) RIFAC
 
45 - 32
[Match Details] 
   

Table of 32, bout #2 of 16
# RIFAC 2 TS Score Score TS Team IFC #
3 KIZILBASH Alizeh H. 3 3 5 5 RAZA Nadia A. 6
1 BIGGS Amelia F. 1 4 10 5 MALLAVARPU Aarthi C. 5
2 KIZILBASH Zara 6 10 15 5 OLEDZKA Julia 4
1 BIGGS Amelia F. 4 14 20 5 RAZA Nadia A. 6
3 KIZILBASH Alizeh H. 4 18 25 5 OLEDZKA Julia 4
2 KIZILBASH Zara 5 23 30 5 MALLAVARPU Aarthi C. 5
1 BIGGS Amelia F. 5 28 35 5 OLEDZKA Julia 4
2 KIZILBASH Zara 3 31 40 5 RAZA Nadia A. 6
3 KIZILBASH Alizeh H. 1 32 45 5 MALLAVARPU Aarthi C. 5
      D32 V45      
Ref:  WANGNER Ronald P.  Long Island / USA
Table of 16, bout #1 of 8
# Team IFC TS Score Score TS Alliance Team #1 #
6 RAZA Nadia A. 0 0 5 5 RAUSCH Ariana (Ari) M. 3
5 MALLAVARPU Aarthi C. 3 3 9 4 MALDONADO Pilar I. 1
4 OLEDZKA Julia 3 6 15 6 WANG Elizabeth 2
6 RAZA Nadia A. 5 11 20 5 MALDONADO Pilar I. 1
4 OLEDZKA Julia 2 13 25 5 RAUSCH Ariana (Ari) M. 3
5 MALLAVARPU Aarthi C. 2 15 30 5 WANG Elizabeth 2
4 OLEDZKA Julia 1 16 35 5 WANG Karen R
6 RAZA Nadia A. 2 18 40 5 WANG Elizabeth 2
5 MALLAVARPU Aarthi C. 4 22 45 5 RAUSCH Ariana (Ari) M. 3
      D22 V45      
Ref:  VAN DER WEGE Gary M.  VANDERWEGE / South TX / USA
Table of 16, bout #2 of 8
# Birdcat TS Score Score TS NTFA #
3 KULKARNI Diya 3 3 3 3 RUNIONS Emersyn 6
1 ZHANG Maya 6 9 9 6 MEHROTRA Anya 5
2 YOON Julia J. 5 14 12 3 GITHENS Gracyn J. 4
1 ZHANG Maya 2 16 16 4 RUNIONS Emersyn 6
3 KULKARNI Diya 8 24 25 9 GITHENS Gracyn J. 4
2 YOON Julia J. 5 29 30 5 MEHROTRA Anya 5
1 ZHANG Maya 0 29 35 5 GITHENS Gracyn J. 4
2 YOON Julia J. 2 31 38 3 RUNIONS Emersyn 6
3 KULKARNI Diya 6 37 45 7 MEHROTRA Anya 5
      D37 V45      
Ref:  BOOKWALTER Timothy (Tim) J.  NOVAFC / Virginia / USA
Table of 16, bout #3 of 8
# Yakov'S CABBAGE PATCH KIDS TS Score Score TS NCF #
6 GOLDBERG Sophie C. 3 3 5 5 BROOKS Tean R. 3
5 LONG Cindy 4 7 6 1 WOLF Isabella A. 1
4 TOMASELLO Olivia E. 4 11 9 3 MOSKOFF Tessa 2
6 GOLDBERG Sophie C. 3 14 20 11 WOLF Isabella A. 1
4 TOMASELLO Olivia E. 4 18 25 5 BROOKS Tean R. 3
5 LONG Cindy 4 22 30 5 MOSKOFF Tessa 2
4 TOMASELLO Olivia E. 8 30 35 5 WOLF Isabella A. 1
6 GOLDBERG Sophie C. 2 32 40 5 MOSKOFF Tessa 2
5 LONG Cindy 3 35 45 5 BROOKS Tean R. 3
      D35 V45      
Ref:  WANGNER Ronald P.  Long Island / USA
Table of 16, bout #4 of 8
# APA CITATION (AFM) TS Score Score TS Alliance Team #3 #
3 CHU Audrey 4 4 2 2 PADHYE Tanishka 6
1 LEANG Priscilla Y. 6 10 8 6 LIU Christina A. 5
2 TAYLOR Audrey Y. 5 15 12 4 CALDERA Lexi I. 4
1 LEANG Priscilla Y. 3 18 16 4 PADHYE Tanishka 6
3 CHU Audrey 7 25 18 2 CALDERA Lexi I. 4
2 TAYLOR Audrey Y. 5 30 23 5 LIU Christina A. 5
1 LEANG Priscilla Y. 4 34 33 10 CALDERA Lexi I. 4
2 TAYLOR Audrey Y. 4 38 35 2 PADHYE Tanishka 6
3 CHU Audrey 7 45 40 5 LIU Christina A. 5
      V45 D40      
Ref:  SALEM Abdel H.  FRONTRANGEFC / Colorado / USA
Table of 16, bout #5 of 8
# MOH'S CHILDREN TS Score Score TS Windy City Fencing #
6 LI Tiffany 2 2 2 2 TYLER Syd 3
5 LIM Clarice 2 4 7 5 LURYE Sarah 1
4 ZHU-HILL Alice A. 3 7 15 8 O'DONNELL Amanda A. 2
6 LI Tiffany 1 8 20 5 LURYE Sarah 1
4 ZHU-HILL Alice A. 2 10 25 5 WHITTEMORE Lucy K. R
5 LIM Clarice 4 14 29 4 O'DONNELL Amanda A. 2
4 ZHU-HILL Alice A. 2 16 35 6 LURYE Sarah 1
6 LI Tiffany 0 16 40 5 O'DONNELL Amanda A. 2
5 LIM Clarice 1 17 45 5 TYLER Syd 3
      D17 V45      
Ref:  CURTIS Leo D.  Oregon / USA
Table of 16, bout #6 of 8
# MARX FENCING ACADEMY TS Score Score TS RIFAC #
3 ZAFFT Tatiana M. 3 3 5 5 SMUK Daria A. 6
1 COBERT Helen G. 2 5 10 5 DOUGLAS Julia F. 5
2 KUNDU Anisha 3 8 13 3 SAAL Anna 4
1 COBERT Helen G. 7 15 20 7 SMUK Daria A. 6
3 ZAFFT Tatiana M. 3 18 25 5 SAAL Anna 4
2 KUNDU Anisha 6 24 28 3 DOUGLAS Julia F. 5
1 COBERT Helen G. 7 31 35 7 SAAL Anna 4
2 KUNDU Anisha 2 33 40 5 SMUK Daria A. 6
3 ZAFFT Tatiana M. 4 37 45 5 DOUGLAS Julia F. 5
      D37 V45      
Ref:  BRATSKO Stephen M.  BCAFWEST / Philadelphia / USA
Table of 16, bout #7 of 8
# Hooked On Fencing TS Score Score TS Alliance Team #2 #
6 VANDERLINDEN Mira 2 2 5 5 WEISS Talia L. 3
5 PROVANCE Amanda R. 5 7 10 5 FILIPPOV Nika D. 1
4 PROVANCE Allison N. 7 14 15 5 GREGORY Elizabeth 2
6 VANDERLINDEN Mira 3 17 20 5 FILIPPOV Nika D. 1
4 PROVANCE Allison N. 4 21 25 5 WEISS Talia L. 3
5 PROVANCE Amanda R. 1 22 30 5 GREGORY Elizabeth 2
4 PROVANCE Allison N. 5 27 35 5 MOTON Mckenzie R. R
6 VANDERLINDEN Mira 3 30 40 5 GREGORY Elizabeth 2
5 PROVANCE Amanda R. 4 34 45 5 WEISS Talia L. 3
      D34 V45      
Ref:  VAN DER WEGE Gary M.  VANDERWEGE / South TX / USA
Table of 16, bout #8 of 8
# SUPER Swords TS Score Score TS NWFC GOLD #
3 YEU Irene 5 5 2 2 SHERTZ Kira E. 6
1 WANG Nora 5 10 6 4 BARNES Olivia R. 5
2 WU Amelia 5 15 8 2 SCHMUGAR Brooke 4
1 WANG Nora 5 20 12 4 SHERTZ Kira E. 6
3 YEU Irene 5 25 14 2 SCHMUGAR Brooke 4
2 WU Amelia 5 30 16 2 BARNES Olivia R. 5
R LEUNG Natalie 5 35 17 1 NASON Amelia R
2 WU Amelia 5 40 20 3 SHERTZ Kira E. 6
3 YEU Irene 5 45 22 2 BARNES Olivia R. 5
      V45 D22      
Ref:  BRATSKO Stephen M.  BCAFWEST / Philadelphia / USA
Table of 8, bout #1 of 4
# NTFA TS Score Score TS Alliance Team #1 #
6 RUNIONS Emersyn 1 1 5 5 RAUSCH Ariana (Ari) M. 3
5 MEHROTRA Anya 5 6 8 3 MALDONADO Pilar I. 1
4 GITHENS Gracyn J. 5 11 14 6 WANG Elizabeth 2
6 RUNIONS Emersyn 2 13 18 4 MALDONADO Pilar I. 1
4 GITHENS Gracyn J. 4 17 25 7 RAUSCH Ariana (Ari) M. 3
5 MEHROTRA Anya 6 23 30 5 WANG Elizabeth 2
4 GITHENS Gracyn J. 7 30 35 5 MALDONADO Pilar I. 1
6 RUNIONS Emersyn 4 34 40 5 WANG Elizabeth 2
5 MEHROTRA Anya 4 38 45 5 RAUSCH Ariana (Ari) M. 3
      D38 V45      
Ref:  BOOKWALTER Timothy (Tim) J.  NOVAFC / Virginia / USA
Ref:  CURTIS Leo D.  Oregon / USA
Table of 8, bout #2 of 4
# APA CITATION (AFM) TS Score Score TS NCF #
3 CHU Audrey 5 5 2 2 MOSKOFF Tessa 6
1 LEANG Priscilla Y. 5 10 8 6 PROCTOR Sara J. 5
2 TAYLOR Audrey Y. 5 15 11 3 BROOKS Tean R. 4
1 LEANG Priscilla Y. 5 20 15 4 WOLF Isabella A. R
3 CHU Audrey 5 25 17 2 BROOKS Tean R. 4
2 TAYLOR Audrey Y. 5 30 23 6 PROCTOR Sara J. 5
1 LEANG Priscilla Y. 5 35 29 6 BROOKS Tean R. 4
2 TAYLOR Audrey Y. 5 40 31 2 WOLF Isabella A. R
3 CHU Audrey 5 45 36 5 PROCTOR Sara J. 5
      V45 D36      
Ref:  BRATSKO Stephen M.  BCAFWEST / Philadelphia / USA
Ref:  VAN DER WEGE Gary M.  VANDERWEGE / South TX / USA
Table of 8, bout #3 of 4
# RIFAC TS Score Score TS Windy City Fencing #
6 SMUK Daria A. 5 5 5 5 O'DONNELL Amanda A. 3
5 DOUGLAS Julia F. 4 9 10 5 LURYE Sarah 1
4 SAAL Anna 4 13 15 5 WHITTEMORE Lucy K. R
6 SMUK Daria A. 7 20 18 3 WHITTEMORE Lucy K. R
4 SAAL Anna 5 25 23 5 O'DONNELL Amanda A. 3
5 DOUGLAS Julia F. 5 30 27 4 TYLER Syd 2
4 SAAL Anna 4 34 30 3 LURYE Sarah 1
6 SMUK Daria A. 3 37 34 4 TYLER Syd 2
5 DOUGLAS Julia F. 8 45 43 9 O'DONNELL Amanda A. 3
      V45 D43      
Ref:  SALEM Abdel H.  FRONTRANGEFC / Colorado / USA
Ref:  LEHFELDT Damien S.  RICHMONDFC / Virginia / USA
Table of 8, bout #4 of 4
# SUPER Swords TS Score Score TS Alliance Team #2 #
3 YEU Irene 5 5 2 2 WEISS Talia L. 6
1 WANG Nora 3 8 8 6 GREGORY Elizabeth 5
2 WU Amelia 7 15 10 2 FILIPPOV Nika D. 4
R LEUNG Natalie 5 20 15 5 WEISS Talia L. 6
3 YEU Irene 5 25 17 2 MOTON Mckenzie R. R
2 WU Amelia 5 30 23 6 GREGORY Elizabeth 5
R LEUNG Natalie 5 35 26 3 MOTON Mckenzie R. R
2 WU Amelia 5 40 30 4 WEISS Talia L. 6
3 YEU Irene 5 45 38 8 GREGORY Elizabeth 5
      V45 D38      
Ref:  WANGNER Ronald P.  Long Island / USA
Semi-Finals, bout #1 of 2
# APA CITATION (AFM) TS Score Score TS Alliance Team #1 #
6 TAYLOR Audrey Y. 3 3 5 5 RAUSCH Ariana (Ari) M. 3
5 CHU Audrey 4 7 8 3 MALDONADO Pilar I. 1
4 LEANG Priscilla Y. 0 7 12 4 WANG Elizabeth 2
6 TAYLOR Audrey Y. 3 10 16 4 MALDONADO Pilar I. 1
4 LEANG Priscilla Y. 2 12 18 2 RAUSCH Ariana (Ari) M. 3
5 CHU Audrey 5 17 20 2 WANG Elizabeth 2
4 LEANG Priscilla Y. 4 21 23 3 MALDONADO Pilar I. 1
6 TAYLOR Audrey Y. 6 27 26 3 WANG Elizabeth 2
5 CHU Audrey 15 42 39 13 RAUSCH Ariana (Ari) M. 3
      V42 D39      
Ref:  BOOKWALTER Timothy (Tim) J.  NOVAFC / Virginia / USA
Ref:  BRATSKO Stephen M.  BCAFWEST / Philadelphia / USA
Assist:  CURTIS Leo D.  Oregon / USA
Semi-Finals, bout #2 of 2
# SUPER Swords TS Score Score TS RIFAC #
3 YEU Irene 5 5 1 1 SMUK Daria A. 6
1 LEUNG Natalie 5 10 3 2 DOUGLAS Julia F. 5
2 WU Amelia 5 15 7 4 SAAL Anna 4
1 LEUNG Natalie 5 20 10 3 SMUK Daria A. 6
3 YEU Irene 5 25 13 3 SAAL Anna 4
2 WU Amelia 5 30 19 6 DOUGLAS Julia F. 5
1 LEUNG Natalie 5 35 23 4 SAAL Anna 4
2 WU Amelia 5 40 26 3 SMUK Daria A. 6
3 YEU Irene 5 45 30 4 DOUGLAS Julia F. 5
      V45 D30      
Ref:  LEHFELDT Damien S.  RICHMONDFC / Virginia / USA
Ref:  SALEM Abdel H.  FRONTRANGEFC / Colorado / USA
Assist:  VAN DER WEGE Gary M.  VANDERWEGE / South TX / USA
Finals, bout #1 of 1
# SUPER Swords TS Score Score TS APA CITATION (AFM) #
3 YEU Irene 5 5 1 1 TAYLOR Audrey Y. 6
1 LEUNG Natalie 5 10 5 4 CHU Audrey 5
2 WU Amelia 5 15 12 7 LEANG Priscilla Y. 4
1 LEUNG Natalie 4 19 16 4 TAYLOR Audrey Y. 6
3 YEU Irene 6 25 17 1 LEANG Priscilla Y. 4
2 WU Amelia 5 30 22 5 CHU Audrey 5
1 LEUNG Natalie 4 34 25 3 LEANG Priscilla Y. 4
2 WU Amelia 6 40 31 6 TAYLOR Audrey Y. 6
3 YEU Irene 4 44 36 5 CHU Audrey 5
      V44 D36      
Ref:  SALEM Abdel H.  FRONTRANGEFC / Colorado / USA
Ref:  WANGNER Ronald P.  Long Island / USA
Assist:  LEHFELDT Damien S.  RICHMONDFC / Virginia / USA
Fence-off for Third, bout #1 of 1
# RIFAC TS Score Score TS Alliance Team #1 #
6 SMUK Daria A. 3 3 5 5 RAUSCH Ariana (Ari) M. 3
5 DOUGLAS Julia F. 7 10 10 5 WANG Karen 1
4 SAAL Anna 2 12 15 5 WANG Elizabeth 2
6 SMUK Daria A. 1 13 20 5 WANG Karen 1
4 SAAL Anna 1 14 25 5 RAUSCH Ariana (Ari) M. 3
5 DOUGLAS Julia F. 5 19 30 5 WANG Elizabeth 2
4 SAAL Anna 2 21 35 5 WANG Karen 1
6 SMUK Daria A. 5 26 40 5 WANG Elizabeth 2
5 DOUGLAS Julia F. 6 32 45 5 RAUSCH Ariana (Ari) M. 3
      D32 V45      
Ref:  BOOKWALTER Timothy (Tim) J.  NOVAFC / Virginia / USA
Ref:  CURTIS Leo D.  Oregon / USA
Assist:  BRATSKO Stephen M.  BCAFWEST / Philadelphia / USA

The status of National Collegiate Athletic Association Student Athletes competing in USFA tournaments during the academic year is unaffected by listing their school affiliation or as being "Unattached". The information presented here is used solely to comply with fencing rule o.13 so that conflicts are avoided.
Final Results
Event finished at 5:46 PM
Place Name Club(s) Division Country Members
1 SUPER Swords       Leung, Wang, Wu, Yeu 
2 APA CITATION (AFM)       Chu, Leang, Machulsky, Taylor 
3 Alliance Team #1       Maldonado, Rausch, Wang, Wang 
4 RIFAC       Douglas, Saal, Smuk 
5 Windy City Fencing       Tyler, O'Donnell, Lurye, Whittemore 
6 NCF       Brooks, Proctor, Wolf, Moskoff 
7 Alliance Team #2       Filippov, Gregory, Moton, Weiss 
8 NTFA       Runions, Mehrotra, Githens 
9 MARX FENCING ACADEMY       Cobert, Kundu, Parte, Zafft 
10 Birdcat       Kulkarni, Zhang, Yoon 
11 Hooked On Fencing       Vanderlinden, Provance, Provance 
12 Yakov'S CABBAGE PATCH KIDS       Goldberg, Long, Tomasello 
13 Alliance Team #3       Caldera, Liu, Padhye 
14 MOH'S CHILDREN       LI, Lim, Zhu-Hill 
15 NWFC GOLD       Shertz, Nason, Barnes, Schmugar 
16 Team IFC       Mallavarpu, Oledzka, Raza 
17 RIFAC 2       Biggs, Kizilbash, Kizilbash 
*Earned classifications are not official until recorded by the National Office.
The status of National Collegiate Athletic Association Student Athletes competing in USFA tournaments during the academic year is unaffected by listing their school affiliation or as being "Unattached". The information presented here is used solely to comply with fencing rule o.13 so that conflicts are avoided.