Round #1 - Pool
Round Seeding
Seed Name Class./Rank Club(s) Division Country Status
1 Scruggs, Lauren C14 / 1  EUF  Metro NYC  USA 
2 Kim, Lauren E14 / 2  GUTKOVSKIY  New Jersey  USA 
3 Chusid, Renata U / 3  GUTKOVSKIY  New Jersey  USA 
4 Lee, Allison (Allie) U / 4  GUTKOVSKIY  New Jersey  USA 
5 Novoseltseva, Anna U / 5  GRAFA  Michigan  USA 
6 Zeid, Hala (Lula) U / 8    Metro NYC  USA 
7 Rhodes, Zander U / 11  NJFA  New Jersey  USA 
8 Mak, Tinney U / 12      CAN 
9 Hung, Juliana U / 13  SANFRANFC  Northern CA  USA 
10 Brizio, Francesca U / 14  N.A.F.A.N.  West-Rock  USA 
11 Park, Rowan U / 14  LAIFC  Southern CA  USA 
12 Lee, Montana U / 22    Metro NYC  USA 
13 Lau, Sydnee U / 25  M TEAM  Northern CA  USA 
14 Deback, Greta U / 27  GRAFA  Michigan  USA 
15 Ersen, Tara U / 27    New England  USA 
16 Passerrello, Madeline U / 33  PROFENCING  Columbus OH  USA 
17 Nguyen, Lillian   Central FL  USA 
18 Bucur, Naomi GENESIS F.C.  Central FL  USA 
19 Talavera, Daena FENCERSACA  St. Louis  USA 
20 Park, Hannah-Nicole   Indiana  USA 
21 Ferretti, Anna Rebecca MANHATTAN  Metro NYC  USA 
22 Kagan, Helena FENCERS  Metro NYC  USA 
23 Moore, Kassandra (Kassie) GRAFA  Michigan  USA 
24 Ye, Eileen   Metro NYC  USA 
25 Holle, Aviella   Long Island  USA 
26 Belliveau, Ana RIFAC  New England  USA 
27 Upton, Elizabeth N.A.F.A.N.  West-Rock  USA 
28 Guo, Jessica Zi Jia   Philadelphia  USA 
29 Slowinski, Maia WGFA  Central FL  USA 
30 Shaito, Samar   North TX  USA 
31 Hall, Kiana   Central FL  USA 
32 Zaroff, Roxanne SANFRANFC  Northern CA  USA 
33 Shen, Annabel   Long Island  USA 
34 Palmer, Meredith   Indiana  USA 
35 Shen, Sophia   Long Island  USA 
36 Zaroff, Eliza SANFRANFC  Northern CA  USA 
37 Sturges, Anais PROFENCING  Columbus OH  USA 
38 Brown-Talib, Ashni OXPARK  Ark-La-Miss  USA 
39 Xu, Christine FENCERS  Metro NYC  USA 
40 Conway, Josephina (Jojo) E.D.L.  Indiana  USA 
Round Scores
Pool #1
On strip C1
# 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 V V/M TS TR Ind
Scruggs, Lauren
EUF / Metro NYC / USA
1 V5 V5 V5 V5 V5 V5 6 1.00 30 0 +30
Lau, Sydnee
M TEAM / Northern CA / USA
2 D0 V2 V5 V5 V5 V5 5 0.83 22 7 +15
Brown-Talib, Ashni
OXPARK / Ark-La-Miss / USA
3 D0 D1 V5 V5 V5 V5 4 0.67 21 9 +12
Moore, Kassandra (Kassie)
GRAFA / Michigan / USA
4 D0 D0 D1 D1 D2 D2 0 0.00 6 30 -24
Lee, Montana
Metro NYC / USA
5 D0 D0 D0 V5 V5 V5 3 0.50 15 17 -2
Holle, Aviella
Long Island / USA
6 D0 D0 D0 V5 D1 D1 1 0.17 7 27 -20
Sturges, Anais
PROFENCING / Columbus OH / USA
7 D0 D1 D1 V5 D0 V5 2 0.33 12 23 -11
Referee(s):
Zeljkovic, Jelena
New Jersey / USA

Pool #2
On strip C2
# 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 V V/M TS TR Ind
Zaroff, Eliza
SANFRANFC / Northern CA / USA
1 V5 V5 V5 D1 V2 D0 4 0.67 18 16 +2
Belliveau, Ana
RIFAC / New England / USA
2 D0 D1 D2 D0 D0 D0 0 0.00 3 30 -27
Ye, Eileen
Metro NYC / USA
3 D4 V5 V5 D3 D0 D2 2 0.33 19 21 -2
Palmer, Meredith
Indiana / USA
4 D1 V5 D0 D0 D0 D3 1 0.17 9 25 -16
Kim, Lauren
GUTKOVSKIY / New Jersey / USA
5 V5 V5 V5 V5 V5 V5 6 1.00 30 9 +21
Park, Rowan
LAIFC / Southern CA / USA
6 D1 V5 V5 V4 D1 D2 3 0.50 18 10 +8
Deback, Greta
GRAFA / Michigan / USA
7 V5 V5 V5 V4 D4 V3 5 0.83 26 12 +14
Referee(s):
Chernomashentsev, Alisa A.
FIORETTO F.A. / Gateway FL / USA

Pool #3
On strip G2
# 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 V V/M TS TR Ind
Chusid, Renata
GUTKOVSKIY / New Jersey / USA
1 V5 V5 V5 D3 V5 V5 5 0.83 28 18 +10
Ersen, Tara
New England / USA
2 D4 D3 V5 V5 D2 D3 2 0.33 22 22 0
Guo, Jessica Zi Jia
Philadelphia / USA
3 D1 V4 V5 V5 V5 D2 4 0.67 22 19 +3
Hall, Kiana
Central FL / USA
4 D2 D2 D2 D3 D2 D1 0 0.00 12 30 -18
Kagan, Helena
FENCERS / Metro NYC / USA
5 V5 D1 D3 V5 V5 D2 3 0.50 21 23 -2
Conway, Josephina (Jojo)
E.D.L. / Indiana / USA
6 D2 V5 D1 V5 D2 V5 3 0.50 20 21 -1
Brizio, Francesca
N.A.F.A.N. / West-Rock / USA
7 D4 V5 V5 V5 V5 D2 4 0.67 26 18 +8
Referee(s):
Littmann, Jane
S. Carolina / USA

Pool #4
On strip G1
# 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 V V/M TS TR Ind
Hung, Juliana
SANFRANFC / Northern CA / USA
1 V5 V5 V5 D1 V5 V5 5 0.83 26 8 +18
Passerrello, Madeline
PROFENCING / Columbus OH / USA
2 D0 V5 V5 D2 V5 D1 3 0.50 18 23 -5
Upton, Elizabeth
N.A.F.A.N. / West-Rock / USA
3 D0 D2 D2 D0 D1 D0 0 0.00 5 30 -25
Ferretti, Anna Rebecca
MANHATTAN / Metro NYC / USA
4 D4 D3 V5 D2 V5 D2 2 0.33 21 21 0
Lee, Allison (Allie)
GUTKOVSKIY / New Jersey / USA
5 V1 V5 V5 V3 V5 V5 6 1.00 24 5 +19
Slowinski, Maia
WGFA / Central FL / USA
6 D0 D3 V5 D1 D0 D4 1 0.17 13 26 -13
Shen, Sophia
Long Island / USA
7 D3 V5 V5 V5 D0 V5 4 0.67 23 17 +6
Referee(s):
Peebles, George
Western WA / USA

Pool #5
On strip C3
# 1 2 3 4 5 6 V V/M TS TR Ind
Park, Hannah-Nicole
Indiana / USA
1 D0 D2 D1 V5 D2 1 0.20 10 22 -12
Mak, Tinney
CAN
2 V5 D4 V5 V5 V5 4 0.80 24 8 +16
Novoseltseva, Anna
GRAFA / Michigan / USA
3 V5 V5 V5 V5 D4 4 0.80 24 12 +12
Xu, Christine
FENCERS / Metro NYC / USA
4 V5 D2 D0 V5 D3 2 0.40 15 17 -2
Nguyen, Lillian
Central FL / USA
5 D2 D0 D1 D1 D1 0 0.00 5 25 -20
Shaito, Samar
North TX / USA
6 V5 D1 V5 V5 V5 4 0.80 21 15 +6
Referee(s):
Gets, Jessica
GUTKOVSKIY / New Jersey / USA

Pool #6
On strip G3
# 1 2 3 4 5 6 V V/M TS TR Ind
Rhodes, Zander
NJFA / New Jersey / USA
1 V5 V5 V2 V5 V5 5 1.00 22 9 +13
Talavera, Daena
FENCERSACA / St. Louis / USA
2 D4 V5 D4 V5 D4 2 0.40 22 21 +1
Zaroff, Roxanne
SANFRANFC / Northern CA / USA
3 D1 D4 D2 D0 V5 1 0.20 12 22 -10
Zeid, Hala (Lula)
Metro NYC / USA
4 D1 V5 V5 V5 V5 4 0.80 21 10 +11
Shen, Annabel
Long Island / USA
5 D1 D2 V5 D1 V5 2 0.40 14 19 -5
Bucur, Naomi
GENESIS F.C. / Central FL / USA
6 D2 V5 D2 D1 D4 1 0.20 14 24 -10
Referee(s):
Belanich, Susan
New England / USA

The status of National Collegiate Athletic Association Student Athletes competing in USFA tournaments during the academic year is unaffected by listing their school affiliation or as being "Unattached". The information presented here is used solely to comply with fencing rule o.13 so that conflicts are avoided.
Round #2 - DE
Round Seeding
Seed Name Class./Rank Club(s) Division Country V V/M TS TR Ind Status
1 Scruggs, Lauren C14 / 1  EUF  Metro NYC  USA  1.00  30  +30  Advanced
2 Kim, Lauren E14 / 2  GUTKOVSKIY  New Jersey  USA  1.00  30  +21  Advanced
3 Lee, Allison (Allie) U / 4  GUTKOVSKIY  New Jersey  USA  1.00  24  +19  Advanced
4 Rhodes, Zander U / 11  NJFA  New Jersey  USA  1.00  22  +13  Advanced
5 Hung, Juliana U / 13  SANFRANFC  Northern CA  USA  0.83  26  +18  Advanced
6 Lau, Sydnee U / 25  M TEAM  Northern CA  USA  0.83  22  +15  Advanced
7 Deback, Greta U / 27  GRAFA  Michigan  USA  0.83  26  12  +14  Advanced
8 Chusid, Renata U / 3  GUTKOVSKIY  New Jersey  USA  0.83  28  18  +10  Advanced
9 Mak, Tinney U / 12      CAN  0.80  24  +16  Advanced
10 Novoseltseva, Anna U / 5  GRAFA  Michigan  USA  0.80  24  12  +12  Advanced
11 Zeid, Hala (Lula) U / 8    Metro NYC  USA  0.80  21  10  +11  Advanced
12 Shaito, Samar   North TX  USA  0.80  21  15  +6  Advanced
13 Brown-Talib, Ashni OXPARK  Ark-La-Miss  USA  0.67  21  +12  Advanced
14 Brizio, Francesca U / 14  N.A.F.A.N.  West-Rock  USA  0.67  26  18  +8  Advanced
15 Shen, Sophia   Long Island  USA  0.67  23  17  +6  Advanced
16 Guo, Jessica Zi Jia   Philadelphia  USA  0.67  22  19  +3  Advanced
17 Zaroff, Eliza SANFRANFC  Northern CA  USA  0.67  18  16  +2  Advanced
18 Park, Rowan U / 14  LAIFC  Southern CA  USA  0.50  18  10  +8  Advanced
19 Conway, Josephina (Jojo) E.D.L.  Indiana  USA  0.50  20  21  -1  Advanced
20 Kagan, Helena FENCERS  Metro NYC  USA  0.50  21  23  -2  Advanced
21 Lee, Montana U / 22    Metro NYC  USA  0.50  15  17  -2  Advanced
22 Passerrello, Madeline U / 33  PROFENCING  Columbus OH  USA  0.50  18  23  -5  Advanced
23 Talavera, Daena FENCERSACA  St. Louis  USA  0.40  22  21  +1  Advanced
24 Xu, Christine FENCERS  Metro NYC  USA  0.40  15  17  -2  Advanced
25 Shen, Annabel   Long Island  USA  0.40  14  19  -5  Advanced
26 Ersen, Tara U / 27    New England  USA  0.33  22  22  Advanced
27 Ferretti, Anna Rebecca MANHATTAN  Metro NYC  USA  0.33  21  21  Advanced
28 Ye, Eileen   Metro NYC  USA  0.33  19  21  -2  Advanced
29 Sturges, Anais PROFENCING  Columbus OH  USA  0.33  12  23  -11  Advanced
30 Bucur, Naomi GENESIS F.C.  Central FL  USA  0.20  14  24  -10  Advanced
31 Zaroff, Roxanne SANFRANFC  Northern CA  USA  0.20  12  22  -10  Advanced
32 Park, Hannah-Nicole   Indiana  USA  0.20  10  22  -12  Advanced
33 Slowinski, Maia WGFA  Central FL  USA  0.17  13  26  -13  Advanced
34 Palmer, Meredith   Indiana  USA  0.17  25  -16  Advanced
35 Holle, Aviella   Long Island  USA  0.17  27  -20  Advanced
36 Hall, Kiana   Central FL  USA  0.00  12  30  -18  Advanced
37 Nguyen, Lillian   Central FL  USA  0.00  25  -20  Advanced
38 Moore, Kassandra (Kassie) GRAFA  Michigan  USA  0.00  30  -24  Advanced
39 Upton, Elizabeth N.A.F.A.N.  West-Rock  USA  0.00  30  -25  Advanced
40 Belliveau, Ana RIFAC  New England  USA  0.00  30  -27  Advanced
Round Scores
View tableau from
Table of 64 Table of 32 Table of 16 Table of 8 Semi-Finals Finals  
             
(1) Scruggs, Lauren 
EUF / Metro NYC / USA  (1) Scruggs, Lauren 
(64) -BYE-   
    (1) Scruggs, Lauren 
(33) Slowinski, Maia    10 - 0
Ref:  Belanich, Susan 
WGFA / Central FL / USA  (33) Slowinski, Maia   
(32) Park, Hannah-Nicole  10 - 5
Ref:  Gets, Jessica 
 
Indiana / USA    (1) Scruggs, Lauren 
(17) Zaroff, Eliza    10 - 2
Ref:  Belanich, Susan 
SANFRANFC / Northern CA / USA  (17) Zaroff, Eliza     
(48) -BYE-       
    (16) Guo, Jessica Zi Jia   
(49) -BYE-    10 - 2
Ref:  Fadel, Abbas 
 
  (16) Guo, Jessica Zi Jia   
(16) Guo, Jessica Zi Jia     
Philadelphia / USA    (1) Scruggs, Lauren 
(9) Mak, Tinney    10 - 3
Ref:  Belanich, Susan 
CAN  (9) Mak, Tinney     
(56) -BYE-       
    (9) Mak, Tinney     
(41) -BYE-    10 - 2
Ref:  Benson, Jerry B. 
   
  (24) Xu, Christine       
(24) Xu, Christine         
FENCERS / Metro NYC / USA    (8) Chusid, Renata   
(25) Shen, Annabel    10 - 4
Ref:  Fadel, Abbas 
 
Long Island / USA  (25) Shen, Annabel     
(40) Belliveau, Ana  10 - 2
Ref:  Benson, Jerry B. 
   
RIFAC / New England / USA    (8) Chusid, Renata   
(57) -BYE-    10 - 5
Ref:  Belanich, Susan 
 
  (8) Chusid, Renata   
(8) Chusid, Renata     
GUTKOVSKIY / New Jersey / USA    (1) Scruggs, Lauren 
(5) Hung, Juliana    10 - 0
Ref:  Green, Michael C. 
SANFRANFC / Northern CA / USA  (5) Hung, Juliana     
(60) -BYE-       
    (5) Hung, Juliana     
(37) Nguyen, Lillian    10 - 3
Ref:  Gets, Jessica 
   
Central FL / USA  (28) Ye, Eileen       
(28) Ye, Eileen  10 - 2
Ref:  Fadel, Abbas 
     
Metro NYC / USA    (5) Hung, Juliana     
(21) Lee, Montana    10 - 7
Ref:  Benson, Jerry B. 
   
Metro NYC / USA  (21) Lee, Montana         
(44) -BYE-           
    (12) Shaito, Samar       
(53) -BYE-    10 - 7
Ref:  Fadel, Abbas 
     
  (12) Shaito, Samar       
(12) Shaito, Samar         
North TX / USA    (5) Hung, Juliana   
(13) Brown-Talib, Ashni    5 - 4
Ref:  Gets, Jessica 
 
OXPARK / Ark-La-Miss / USA  (13) Brown-Talib, Ashni     
(52) -BYE-       
    (20) Kagan, Helena     
(45) -BYE-    8 - 0
Ref:  Chernomashentsev, Alisa A. 
   
  (20) Kagan, Helena       
(20) Kagan, Helena         
FENCERS / Metro NYC / USA    (4) Rhodes, Zander   
(29) Sturges, Anais    10 - 5
Ref:  Chernomashentsev, Alisa A. 
 
PROFENCING / Columbus OH / USA  (29) Sturges, Anais     
(36) Hall, Kiana  10 - 8
Ref:  Belanich, Susan 
   
Central FL / USA    (4) Rhodes, Zander   
(61) -BYE-    10 - 2
Ref:  Gets, Jessica 
 
  (4) Rhodes, Zander   
(4) Rhodes, Zander     
NJFA / New Jersey / USA    (1) Scruggs, Lauren 
(3) Lee, Allison (Allie)    9 - 4
Ref:  Delgado, Fernando 
GUTKOVSKIY / New Jersey / USA  (3) Lee, Allison (Allie)     
(62) -BYE-       
    (3) Lee, Allison (Allie)     
(35) Holle, Aviella    10 - 0
Ref:  McCauley, Sam 
   
Long Island / USA  (30) Bucur, Naomi       
(30) Bucur, Naomi  10 - 6
Ref:  Zeljkovic, Jelena 
     
GENESIS F.C. / Central FL / USA    (3) Lee, Allison (Allie)     
(19) Conway, Josephina (Jojo)    3 - 3
Ref:  McCauley, Sam 
   
E.D.L. / Indiana / USA  (19) Conway, Josephina (Jojo)         
(46) -BYE-           
    (14) Brizio, Francesca       
(51) -BYE-    10 - 9
Ref:  Foster, Andrew 
     
  (14) Brizio, Francesca       
(14) Brizio, Francesca         
N.A.F.A.N. / West-Rock / USA    (6) Lau, Sydnee     
(11) Zeid, Hala (Lula)    5 - 1
Ref:  Chernomashentsev, Alisa A. 
   
Metro NYC / USA  (11) Zeid, Hala (Lula)         
(54) -BYE-           
    (11) Zeid, Hala (Lula)         
(43) -BYE-    10 - 5
Ref:  McCauley, Sam 
       
  (22) Passerrello, Madeline           
(22) Passerrello, Madeline             
PROFENCING / Columbus OH / USA    (6) Lau, Sydnee       
(27) Ferretti, Anna Rebecca    10 - 5
Ref:  Green, Michael C. 
     
MANHATTAN / Metro NYC / USA  (27) Ferretti, Anna Rebecca         
(38) Moore, Kassandra (Kassie)  10 - 9
Ref:  Green, Michael C. 
       
GRAFA / Michigan / USA    (6) Lau, Sydnee       
(59) -BYE-    10 - 2
Ref:  Green, Michael C. 
     
  (6) Lau, Sydnee       
(6) Lau, Sydnee         
M TEAM / Northern CA / USA    (2) Kim, Lauren   
(7) Deback, Greta    10 - 3
Ref:  Zeljkovic, Jelena 
 
GRAFA / Michigan / USA  (7) Deback, Greta     
(58) -BYE-       
    (7) Deback, Greta     
(39) Upton, Elizabeth    10 - 6
Ref:  Zeljkovic, Jelena 
   
N.A.F.A.N. / West-Rock / USA  (26) Ersen, Tara       
(26) Ersen, Tara  10 - 5
Ref:  McCauley, Sam 
     
New England / USA    (10) Novoseltseva, Anna     
(23) Talavera, Daena    10 - 0
Ref:  Zeljkovic, Jelena 
   
FENCERSACA / St. Louis / USA  (23) Talavera, Daena         
(42) -BYE-           
    (10) Novoseltseva, Anna       
(55) -BYE-    10 - 8
Ref:  Green, Michael C. 
     
  (10) Novoseltseva, Anna       
(10) Novoseltseva, Anna         
GRAFA / Michigan / USA    (2) Kim, Lauren   
(15) Shen, Sophia    10 - 3
Ref:  Zeljkovic, Jelena 
 
Long Island / USA  (15) Shen, Sophia     
(50) -BYE-       
    (18) Park, Rowan     
(47) -BYE-    10 - 6
Ref:  Zeljkovic, Jelena 
   
  (18) Park, Rowan       
(18) Park, Rowan         
LAIFC / Southern CA / USA    (2) Kim, Lauren   
(31) Zaroff, Roxanne    10 - 3
Ref:  Foster, Andrew 
 
SANFRANFC / Northern CA / USA  (34) Palmer, Meredith     
(34) Palmer, Meredith  10 - 9
Ref:  Green, Michael C. 
   
Indiana / USA    (2) Kim, Lauren   
(63) -BYE-    10 - 1
Ref:  Foster, Andrew 
 
  (2) Kim, Lauren   
(2) Kim, Lauren     
GUTKOVSKIY / New Jersey / USA   

The status of National Collegiate Athletic Association Student Athletes competing in USFA tournaments during the academic year is unaffected by listing their school affiliation or as being "Unattached". The information presented here is used solely to comply with fencing rule o.13 so that conflicts are avoided.
Final Results
Event finished at 12:56 PM
Event classification: E1
Place Name Club(s) Division Country Class. Earned*
1 Scruggs, Lauren EUF  Metro NYC  USA  C14   
2 Kim, Lauren GUTKOVSKIY  New Jersey  USA  E14   
3T Hung, Juliana SANFRANFC  Northern CA  USA   
3T Lau, Sydnee M TEAM  Northern CA  USA   
5 Lee, Allison (Allie) GUTKOVSKIY  New Jersey  USA   
6 Rhodes, Zander NJFA  New Jersey  USA   
7 Chusid, Renata GUTKOVSKIY  New Jersey  USA   
8 Novoseltseva, Anna GRAFA  Michigan  USA   
9 Deback, Greta GRAFA  Michigan  USA   
10 Mak, Tinney     CAN   
11 Zeid, Hala (Lula)   Metro NYC  USA   
12 Shaito, Samar   North TX  USA   
13 Brizio, Francesca N.A.F.A.N.  West-Rock  USA   
14 Guo, Jessica Zi Jia   Philadelphia  USA   
15 Park, Rowan LAIFC  Southern CA  USA   
16 Kagan, Helena FENCERS  Metro NYC  USA   
17 Brown-Talib, Ashni OXPARK  Ark-La-Miss  USA   
18 Shen, Sophia   Long Island  USA   
19 Zaroff, Eliza SANFRANFC  Northern CA  USA   
20 Conway, Josephina (Jojo) E.D.L.  Indiana  USA   
21 Lee, Montana   Metro NYC  USA   
22 Passerrello, Madeline PROFENCING  Columbus OH  USA   
23 Talavera, Daena FENCERSACA  St. Louis  USA   
24 Xu, Christine FENCERS  Metro NYC  USA   
25 Shen, Annabel   Long Island  USA   
26 Ersen, Tara   New England  USA   
27 Ferretti, Anna Rebecca MANHATTAN  Metro NYC  USA   
28 Ye, Eileen   Metro NYC  USA   
29 Sturges, Anais PROFENCING  Columbus OH  USA   
30 Bucur, Naomi GENESIS F.C.  Central FL  USA   
31 Slowinski, Maia WGFA  Central FL  USA   
32 Palmer, Meredith   Indiana  USA   
33 Zaroff, Roxanne SANFRANFC  Northern CA  USA   
34 Park, Hannah-Nicole   Indiana  USA   
35 Holle, Aviella   Long Island  USA   
36 Hall, Kiana   Central FL  USA   
37 Nguyen, Lillian   Central FL  USA   
38 Moore, Kassandra (Kassie) GRAFA  Michigan  USA   
39 Upton, Elizabeth N.A.F.A.N.  West-Rock  USA   
40 Belliveau, Ana RIFAC  New England  USA   
*Earned classifications are not official until recorded by the National Office.
The status of National Collegiate Athletic Association Student Athletes competing in USFA tournaments during the academic year is unaffected by listing their school affiliation or as being "Unattached". The information presented here is used solely to comply with fencing rule o.13 so that conflicts are avoided.