Round #1 - DE
Round Seeding
Seed Name Points Members Club(s) Division Country Status
1 KANYE 2020 2400  DANIEL, Chloe - A16 / 2; KOMAR, Sofia - A16 / 4; MANGANO, Ariana - A16 / 3; NAVARRO, Ava - B15 / 27  MEDEO F.C.  Metro NYC  USA 
2 Alliance Fencing Academy 2148  FRIEDERICH, Adriana - A16; LIANG, Rui ( Jessica ) - B16 / 18; RAUSCH, Ariana - A16 / 10; WEISS, Talia - D16  ALLIANCE F.A.  Gulf Coast  USA 
3 Northern Colorado Fencers 1886  GRADY, Miriam - A16 / 7; MARTUS, Cosima - C16 / 62; PROCTOR, Sara - B16  NORCOLO  Colorado  USA 
4 Woodlands Fencing Academy 1750  CHU, Katherine - C16; KOZAK, Maeve - B15; LUNSFORD, Marlie - D15; PHILLIPS, Summer - A16 / 42  WOODLANDS  Gulf Coast  USA 
5 New York Fencing Academy 1710  KHROL, Jaclyn - A16 / 37; LANZMAN, Anna - B16 / 38; LIVERANT, Jordan - D16; TEMIRYAEV, Anna - U  NYFA  Metro NYC  USA 
6 AFM-1 1521  BULAVKO, Sonia - A16 / 22; JOBALIA, Ria - C16; LEANG, Andrea - E16; SOIN, Anika - E16  AFM  Central CA  USA 
7 Bay State Fencing Women 1510  DIDONATO, Gianina - C16; HARRIS, Stella - B16; PERALTA-VIRTUE, Kamilla - U; YEE-WADSWORTH, Sofia - C16  BAY STATE  New England  USA 
8 NWFC 1 1501  ENO, Megan - A16 / 12; HARBURY, Alexandra - U; LEE, Caroline - B15 / 47; SCHMUGAR, Brooke - U  NWFC  Oregon  USA 
9 NTFA/GBFC 1460  CANALES, Daniela - B16; DAVIS, Sophie - C16; KHAMIS, Yasmine - D16 / 55  NTFA  North TX  USA 
10 East Bay Fencers Gym 1410  KORNGUTH, Lindsay - B16; BEITTEL, Chloe - C16; HOGE, Natalie - D16  EBFG  Northern CA  USA 
11 Windy City 1240  KIM, Natalie - B16 / 61; LURYE, Sarah - C16 / 50; WHITTEMORE, Lucy - U  WCFA  Illinois  USA 
12 AFM-2 910  CHU, Audrey - E16; MOHABIR, Ariane - D16; MOHABIR, Gracyna - E16; POPOVICI, Astrid - E16  AFM  Central CA  USA 
13 Denver Fencing Center 910  BERG-PERLOW, Lauren - E16; FOLEY, Lauren - U; HASKEL, Darby - D16; KOVACS, Honor - E16  DFC  Colorado  USA 
14 LAIFC 730  BRILL, Sophie - D16; MYERS, Helen Sophia - E15; MYERS, Jeanelle Christina - U      USA 
15 DCLIF 610  IGOE, Nirali - D15 / 67; BOYER, Elizabeth - U; ALLI, Sofia - U  LIFC  Virginia  USA 
Round Scores
Table of 16 Table of 8 Semi-Finals Finals  
         
(1) KANYE 2020
MEDEO F.C. / Metro NYC / USA
 
  (1) KANYE 2020
MEDEO F.C. / Metro NYC / USA
 
(16) -BYE-   
    (1) KANYE 2020
MEDEO F.C. / Metro NYC / USA
 
(9) NTFA/GBFC
NTFA / North TX / USA
 
  45 - 36
[Match Details] 
  (8) NWFC 1
NWFC / Oregon / USA
 
 
(8) NWFC 1
NWFC / Oregon / USA
 
45 - 34
[Match Details] 
 
    (1) KANYE 2020
MEDEO F.C. / Metro NYC / USA
 
(5) New York Fencing Academy
NYFA / Metro NYC / USA
 
  45 - 21
[Match Details] 
  (5) New York Fencing Academy
NYFA / Metro NYC / USA
 
   
(12) AFM-2
AFM / Central CA / USA
 
45 - 25
[Match Details] 
   
    (5) New York Fencing Academy
NYFA / Metro NYC / USA
 
 
(13) Denver Fencing Center
DFC / Colorado / USA
 
  45 - 39
[Match Details] 
 
  (13) Denver Fencing Center
DFC / Colorado / USA
 
 
(4) Woodlands Fencing Academy
WOODLANDS / Gulf Coast / USA
 
41 - 40
[Match Details] 
 
    (1) KANYE 2020
MEDEO F.C. / Metro NYC / USA
 
(3) Northern Colorado Fencers
NORCOLO / Colorado / USA
 
  45 - 40
[Match Details] 
  (3) Northern Colorado Fencers
NORCOLO / Colorado / USA
 
   
(14) LAIFC
USA
 
45 - 21
[Match Details] 
   
    (3) Northern Colorado Fencers
NORCOLO / Colorado / USA
 
   
(11) Windy City
WCFA / Illinois / USA
 
  45 - 33
[Match Details] 
   
  (11) Windy City
WCFA / Illinois / USA
 
     
(6) AFM-1
AFM / Central CA / USA
 
45 - 34
[Match Details] 
     
    (3) Northern Colorado Fencers
NORCOLO / Colorado / USA
 
 
(7) Bay State Fencing Women
BAY STATE / New England / USA
 
  45 - 25
[Match Details] 
 
  (10) East Bay Fencers Gym
EBFG / Northern CA / USA
 
   
(10) East Bay Fencers Gym
EBFG / Northern CA / USA
 
45 - 35
[Match Details] 
   
    (10) East Bay Fencers Gym
EBFG / Northern CA / USA
 
 
(15) DCLIF
LIFC / Virginia / USA
 
  45 - 38
[Match Details] 
 
  (2) Alliance Fencing Academy
ALLIANCE F.A. / Gulf Coast / USA
 
 
(2) Alliance Fencing Academy
ALLIANCE F.A. / Gulf Coast / USA
 
45 - 27
[Match Details] 
 
   

Fence-off for Third  
   
(5) New York Fencing Academy
NYFA / Metro NYC / USA
 
  (5) New York Fencing Academy
NYFA / Metro NYC / USA
 
(10) East Bay Fencers Gym
EBFG / Northern CA / USA
 
45 - 37
[Match Details] 
   

Table of 16, bout #2 of 8
# NWFC 1 TS Score Score TS NTFA/GBFC #
6 LEE, Caroline S. 5 5 2 2 KHAMIS, Yasmine A. 3
5 ENO, Megan E. 5 10 2 0 CANALES, Daniela C. 1
4 HARBURY, Alexandra M. 5 15 10 8 DAVIS, Sophie R. 2
6 LEE, Caroline S. 5 20 17 7 CANALES, Daniela C. 1
4 HARBURY, Alexandra M. 3 23 24 7 KHAMIS, Yasmine A. 3
5 ENO, Megan E. 7 30 24 0 DAVIS, Sophie R. 2
4 HARBURY, Alexandra M. 4 34 27 3 CANALES, Daniela C. 1
6 LEE, Caroline S. 6 40 34 7 DAVIS, Sophie R. 2
5 ENO, Megan E. 5 45 34 0 KHAMIS, Yasmine A. 3
      V45 D34      
Ref:  ALPERSTEIN, Donald  Colorado / USA
Ref:  OFFERLE, Judith  Illinois / USA
Ref:  PEEBLES, George  Western WA / USA
Table of 16, bout #3 of 8
# AFM-2 TS Score Score TS New York Fencing Academy #
6 CHU, Audrey 2 2 5 5 KHROL, Jaclyn 3
5 MOHABIR, Ariane 1 3 7 2 LIVERANT, Jordan S. 1
4 POPOVICI, Astrid I. 2 5 15 8 LANZMAN, Anna B. 2
6 CHU, Audrey 5 10 18 3 LIVERANT, Jordan S. 1
4 POPOVICI, Astrid I. 2 12 25 7 KHROL, Jaclyn 3
5 MOHABIR, Ariane 5 17 29 4 LANZMAN, Anna B. 2
4 POPOVICI, Astrid I. 2 19 34 5 LIVERANT, Jordan S. 1
6 CHU, Audrey 2 21 40 6 LANZMAN, Anna B. 2
5 MOHABIR, Ariane 4 25 45 5 KHROL, Jaclyn 3
      D25 V45      
Ref:  PEEBLES, George  Western WA / USA
Ref:  OFFERLE, Judith  Illinois / USA
Ref:  WATERS, Essene  New England / USA
Table of 16, bout #4 of 8
# Woodlands Fencing Academy TS Score Score TS Denver Fencing Center #
6 CHU, Katherine E. 3 3 3 3 HASKEL, Darby H. 3
5 KOZAK, Maeve E. 3 6 6 3 BERG-PERLOW, Lauren S. 1
4 LUNSFORD, Marlie G. 7 13 8 2 FOLEY, Lauren 2
6 CHU, Katherine E. 5 18 14 6 BERG-PERLOW, Lauren S. 1
4 LUNSFORD, Marlie G. 3 21 19 5 HASKEL, Darby H. 3
5 KOZAK, Maeve E. 3 24 23 4 FOLEY, Lauren 2
4 LUNSFORD, Marlie G. 6 30 30 7 BERG-PERLOW, Lauren S. 1
6 CHU, Katherine E. 6 36 35 5 FOLEY, Lauren 2
5 KOZAK, Maeve E. 4 40 41 6 HASKEL, Darby H. 3
      D40 V41      
Ref:  WOLFSON, Kyle  Oregon / USA
Ref:  VAN SCOYK, Aeron  South TX / USA
Table of 16, bout #5 of 8
# LAIFC TS Score Score TS Northern Colorado Fencers #
6 BRILL, Sophie 3 3 5 5 GRADY, Miriam A. 3
5 MYERS, Helen Sophia A. 2 5 10 5 PROCTOR, Sara J. 1
4 MYERS, Jeanelle Christina A. 0 5 15 5 MARTUS, Cosima O. 2
6 BRILL, Sophie 5 10 19 4 PROCTOR, Sara J. 1
4 MYERS, Jeanelle Christina A. 4 14 25 6 GRADY, Miriam A. 3
5 MYERS, Helen Sophia A. 1 15 30 5 MARTUS, Cosima O. 2
4 MYERS, Jeanelle Christina A. 0 15 35 5 PROCTOR, Sara J. 1
6 BRILL, Sophie 2 17 40 5 MARTUS, Cosima O. 2
5 MYERS, Helen Sophia A. 4 21 45 5 GRADY, Miriam A. 3
      D21 V45      
Ref:  THORNTON, Ronald  Virginia / USA
Ref:  TSIATAS, Katherine  New England / USA
Table of 16, bout #6 of 8
# AFM-1 TS Score Score TS Windy City #
6 SOIN, Anika A. 2 2 5 5 KIM, Natalie S. 3
5 JOBALIA, Ria 6 8 10 5 WHITTEMORE, Lucy K. 1
4 LEANG, Andrea K. 3 11 12 2 LURYE, Sarah 2
6 SOIN, Anika A. 0 11 13 1 WHITTEMORE, Lucy K. 1
4 LEANG, Andrea K. 5 16 17 4 KIM, Natalie S. 3
5 JOBALIA, Ria 1 17 22 5 LURYE, Sarah 2
4 LEANG, Andrea K. 0 17 22 0 WHITTEMORE, Lucy K. 1
6 SOIN, Anika A. 7 24 29 7 LURYE, Sarah 2
5 JOBALIA, Ria 10 34 45 16 KIM, Natalie S. 3
      D34 V45      
Ref:  WATERS, Essene  New England / USA
Ref:  BRATSKO, Stephen  New Jersey / USA
Ref:  BELANICH, Susan  New England / USA
Table of 16, bout #7 of 8
# East Bay Fencers Gym TS Score Score TS Bay State Fencing Women #
6 HOGE, Natalie M. 4 4 5 5 HARRIS, Stella J. 3
5 KORNGUTH, Lindsay 6 10 7 2 YEE-WADSWORTH, Sofia L. 1
4 BEITTEL, Chloe F. 5 15 8 1 DIDONATO, Gianina L. 2
6 HOGE, Natalie M. 4 19 14 6 YEE-WADSWORTH, Sofia L. 1
4 BEITTEL, Chloe F. 6 25 21 7 HARRIS, Stella J. 3
5 KORNGUTH, Lindsay 5 30 25 4 DIDONATO, Gianina L. 2
4 BEITTEL, Chloe F. 5 35 26 1 YEE-WADSWORTH, Sofia L. 1
6 HOGE, Natalie M. 5 40 32 6 DIDONATO, Gianina L. 2
5 KORNGUTH, Lindsay 5 45 35 3 HARRIS, Stella J. 3
      V45 D35      
Ref:  TSIATAS, Katherine  New England / USA
Ref:  THORNTON, Ronald  Virginia / USA
Table of 16, bout #8 of 8
# Alliance Fencing Academy TS Score Score TS DCLIF #
6 RAUSCH, Ariana M. 5 5 2 2 IGOE, Nirali B. 3
5 FRIEDERICH, Adriana 5 10 3 1 ALLI, Sofia 1
4 WEISS, Talia L. 5 15 7 4 BOYER, Elizabeth A. 2
6 RAUSCH, Ariana M. 5 20 10 3 ALLI, Sofia 1
4 WEISS, Talia L. 5 25 16 6 IGOE, Nirali B. 3
5 FRIEDERICH, Adriana 5 30 19 3 BOYER, Elizabeth A. 2
4 WEISS, Talia L. 5 35 19 0 ALLI, Sofia 1
6 RAUSCH, Ariana M. 5 40 21 2 BOYER, Elizabeth A. 2
5 FRIEDERICH, Adriana 5 45 27 6 IGOE, Nirali B. 3
      V45 D27      
Ref:  WOLFSON, Kyle  Oregon / USA
Ref:  VAN SCOYK, Aeron  South TX / USA
Ref:  ALPERSTEIN, Donald  Colorado / USA
Table of 8, bout #1 of 4
# NWFC 1 TS Score Score TS KANYE 2020 #
6 LEE, Caroline S. 3 3 1 1 NAVARRO, Ava B. 3
5 ENO, Megan E. 3 6 10 9 MANGANO, Ariana J. 1
4 HARBURY, Alexandra M. 3 9 13 3 DANIEL, Chloe L. 2
6 LEE, Caroline S. 1 10 20 7 MANGANO, Ariana J. 1
4 HARBURY, Alexandra M. 6 16 22 2 NAVARRO, Ava B. 3
5 ENO, Megan E. 5 21 29 7 DANIEL, Chloe L. 2
4 HARBURY, Alexandra M. 5 26 35 6 MANGANO, Ariana J. 1
6 LEE, Caroline S. 1 27 39 4 DANIEL, Chloe L. 2
5 ENO, Megan E. 9 36 45 6 NAVARRO, Ava B. 3
      D36 V45      
Ref:  THORNTON, Ronald  Virginia / USA
Ref:  TSIATAS, Katherine  New England / USA
Ref:  VAN SCOYK, Aeron  South TX / USA
Table of 8, bout #2 of 4
# Denver Fencing Center TS Score Score TS New York Fencing Academy #
6 KOVACS, Honor E. 1 1 5 5 KHROL, Jaclyn 3
5 HASKEL, Darby H. 7 8 10 5 LIVERANT, Jordan S. 1
4 BERG-PERLOW, Lauren S. 3 11 14 4 LANZMAN, Anna B. 2
6 KOVACS, Honor E. 9 20 20 6 LIVERANT, Jordan S. 1
4 BERG-PERLOW, Lauren S. 3 23 25 5 KHROL, Jaclyn 3
5 HASKEL, Darby H. 5 28 30 5 LANZMAN, Anna B. 2
4 BERG-PERLOW, Lauren S. 3 31 35 5 LIVERANT, Jordan S. 1
6 KOVACS, Honor E. 5 36 40 5 LANZMAN, Anna B. 2
5 HASKEL, Darby H. 3 39 45 5 KHROL, Jaclyn 3
      D39 V45      
Ref:  OFFERLE, Judith  Illinois / USA
Ref:  PEEBLES, George  Western WA / USA
Table of 8, bout #3 of 4
# Windy City TS Score Score TS Northern Colorado Fencers #
6 LURYE, Sarah 1 1 5 5 GRADY, Miriam A. 3
5 KIM, Natalie S. 4 5 10 5 PROCTOR, Sara J. 1
4 WHITTEMORE, Lucy K. 4 9 14 4 MARTUS, Cosima O. 2
6 LURYE, Sarah 7 16 17 3 PROCTOR, Sara J. 1
4 WHITTEMORE, Lucy K. 5 21 24 7 GRADY, Miriam A. 3
5 KIM, Natalie S. 3 24 30 6 MARTUS, Cosima O. 2
4 WHITTEMORE, Lucy K. 3 27 35 5 PROCTOR, Sara J. 1
6 LURYE, Sarah 4 31 36 1 MARTUS, Cosima O. 2
5 KIM, Natalie S. 2 33 45 9 GRADY, Miriam A. 3
      D33 V45      
Ref:  WATERS, Essene  New England / USA
Ref:  BELANICH, Susan  New England / USA
Table of 8, bout #4 of 4
# Alliance Fencing Academy TS Score Score TS East Bay Fencers Gym #
6 RAUSCH, Ariana M. 5 5 5 5 KORNGUTH, Lindsay 3
5 FRIEDERICH, Adriana 5 10 8 3 HOGE, Natalie M. 1
4 WEISS, Talia L. 2 12 13 5 BEITTEL, Chloe F. 2
6 RAUSCH, Ariana M. 6 18 20 7 HOGE, Natalie M. 1
4 WEISS, Talia L. 3 21 24 4 KORNGUTH, Lindsay 3
5 FRIEDERICH, Adriana 4 25 30 6 BEITTEL, Chloe F. 2
4 WEISS, Talia L. 4 29 35 5 HOGE, Natalie M. 1
6 RAUSCH, Ariana M. 3 32 40 5 BEITTEL, Chloe F. 2
5 FRIEDERICH, Adriana 6 38 45 5 KORNGUTH, Lindsay 3
      D38 V45      
Ref:  ALPERSTEIN, Donald  Colorado / USA
Ref:  BRATSKO, Stephen  New Jersey / USA
Ref:  WOLFSON, Kyle  Oregon / USA
Semi-Finals, bout #1 of 2
# New York Fencing Academy TS Score Score TS KANYE 2020 #
6 LANZMAN, Anna B. 3 3 2 2 NAVARRO, Ava B. 3
5 KHROL, Jaclyn 2 5 10 8 DANIEL, Chloe L. 1
4 LIVERANT, Jordan S. 2 7 15 5 KOMAR, Sofia 2
6 LANZMAN, Anna B. 2 9 20 5 DANIEL, Chloe L. 1
4 LIVERANT, Jordan S. 1 10 25 5 NAVARRO, Ava B. 3
5 KHROL, Jaclyn 6 16 30 5 KOMAR, Sofia 2
4 LIVERANT, Jordan S. 2 18 35 5 DANIEL, Chloe L. 1
6 LANZMAN, Anna B. 2 20 40 5 KOMAR, Sofia 2
5 KHROL, Jaclyn 1 21 45 5 NAVARRO, Ava B. 3
      D21 V45      
Ref:  BELANICH, Susan  New England / USA
Ref:  BRATSKO, Stephen  New Jersey / USA
Semi-Finals, bout #2 of 2
# East Bay Fencers Gym TS Score Score TS Northern Colorado Fencers #
6 HOGE, Natalie M. 0 0 5 5 GRADY, Miriam A. 3
5 KORNGUTH, Lindsay 5 5 10 5 PROCTOR, Sara J. 1
4 BEITTEL, Chloe F. 3 8 15 5 MARTUS, Cosima O. 2
6 HOGE, Natalie M. 5 13 20 5 PROCTOR, Sara J. 1
4 BEITTEL, Chloe F. 5 18 25 5 GRADY, Miriam A. 3
5 KORNGUTH, Lindsay 2 20 30 5 MARTUS, Cosima O. 2
4 BEITTEL, Chloe F. 2 22 35 5 PROCTOR, Sara J. 1
6 HOGE, Natalie M. 2 24 40 5 MARTUS, Cosima O. 2
5 KORNGUTH, Lindsay 1 25 45 5 GRADY, Miriam A. 3
      D25 V45      
Ref:  WOLFSON, Kyle  Oregon / USA
Ref:  PEEBLES, George  Western WA / USA
Finals, bout #1 of 1
# Northern Colorado Fencers TS Score Score TS KANYE 2020 #
6 MARTUS, Cosima O. 5 5 4 4 NAVARRO, Ava B. 3
5 GRADY, Miriam A. 5 10 8 4 DANIEL, Chloe L. 1
4 PROCTOR, Sara J. 4 14 15 7 MANGANO, Ariana J. 2
6 MARTUS, Cosima O. 3 17 19 4 DANIEL, Chloe L. 1
4 PROCTOR, Sara J. 4 21 25 6 KOMAR, Sofia R
5 GRADY, Miriam A. 7 28 30 5 MANGANO, Ariana J. 2
4 PROCTOR, Sara J. 3 31 35 5 DANIEL, Chloe L. 1
6 MARTUS, Cosima O. 1 32 40 5 MANGANO, Ariana J. 2
5 GRADY, Miriam A. 8 40 45 5 KOMAR, Sofia R
      D40 V45      
Ref:  WOLFSON, Kyle  Oregon / USA
Ref:  BRATSKO, Stephen  New Jersey / USA
Fence-off for Third, bout #1 of 1
# East Bay Fencers Gym TS Score Score TS New York Fencing Academy #
6 BEITTEL, Chloe F. 3 3 5 5 KHROL, Jaclyn 3
5 KORNGUTH, Lindsay 6 9 10 5 LIVERANT, Jordan S. 1
4 HOGE, Natalie M. 2 11 15 5 LANZMAN, Anna B. 2
6 BEITTEL, Chloe F. 5 16 20 5 LIVERANT, Jordan S. 1
4 HOGE, Natalie M. 3 19 25 5 KHROL, Jaclyn 3
5 KORNGUTH, Lindsay 5 24 30 5 LANZMAN, Anna B. 2
4 HOGE, Natalie M. 3 27 35 5 LIVERANT, Jordan S. 1
6 BEITTEL, Chloe F. 6 33 40 5 LANZMAN, Anna B. 2
5 KORNGUTH, Lindsay 4 37 45 5 KHROL, Jaclyn 3
      D37 V45      
Ref:  BELANICH, Susan  New England / USA
Ref:  PEEBLES, George  Western WA / USA

The status of National Collegiate Athletic Association Student Athletes competing in USFA tournaments during the academic year is unaffected by listing their school affiliation or as being "Unattached". The information presented here is used solely to comply with fencing rule o.13 so that conflicts are avoided.
Final Results
Event finished at 2:57 PM
Place Name Club(s) Division Country Members
1 KANYE 2020 MEDEO F.C.  Metro NYC  USA  Daniel, Komar, Mangano, Navarro 
2 Northern Colorado Fencers NORCOLO  Colorado  USA  Grady, Martus, Proctor 
3 New York Fencing Academy NYFA  Metro NYC  USA  Khrol, Lanzman, Liverant, Temiryaev 
4 East Bay Fencers Gym EBFG  Northern CA  USA  Kornguth, Beittel, Hoge 
5 Alliance Fencing Academy ALLIANCE F.A.  Gulf Coast  USA  Friederich, Liang, Rausch, Weiss 
6 NWFC 1 NWFC  Oregon  USA  Eno, Harbury, Lee, Schmugar 
7 Windy City WCFA  Illinois  USA  Kim, Lurye, Whittemore 
8 Denver Fencing Center DFC  Colorado  USA  Berg-Perlow, Foley, Haskel, Kovacs 
9 Woodlands Fencing Academy WOODLANDS  Gulf Coast  USA  Chu, Kozak, Lunsford, Phillips 
10 AFM-1 AFM  Central CA  USA  Bulavko, Jobalia, Leang, Soin 
11 Bay State Fencing Women BAY STATE  New England  USA  DiDonato, Harris, Peralta-Virtue, Yee-Wadsworth 
12 NTFA/GBFC NTFA  North TX  USA  Canales, Davis, Khamis 
13 AFM-2 AFM  Central CA  USA  Chu, Mohabir, Mohabir, Popovici 
14 LAIFC     USA  Brill, Myers, Myers 
15 DCLIF LIFC  Virginia  USA  Igoe, Boyer, Alli 
*Earned classifications are not official until recorded by the National Office.
The status of National Collegiate Athletic Association Student Athletes competing in USFA tournaments during the academic year is unaffected by listing their school affiliation or as being "Unattached". The information presented here is used solely to comply with fencing rule o.13 so that conflicts are avoided.